Analysis of a laser process for permanently degrading a photo-activated adhesive joint

A pulsed, laser process has been developed to reduce the permanent strength of photo-activated adhesive joints prior to work-piece de-bonding. The objective of this investigation was to gain insight into the relationships between carbon black content of the adhesive, laser delivery mode, heat transfer, and adhesive degradation. To do so, a variety of experiments were performed to characterize process sensitivity, radiation absorption within the adhesive joint, and thermal decomposition of the adhesive. In addition, heat transfer analysis was conducted to predict adhesive temperatures during the process.The results of this investigation indicate that the strength diminishment of an adhesive joint occurs after it has absorbed a train of high power pulses in rapid succession. The vast majority of strength diminishment occurs over a very narrow time window and is highly correlated to the rapid emission of gray smoke/vapor from the adhesive joint. For this to occur, the adhesive must contain carbon black. It is also highly correlated to a rapid increase in temperatures throughout the adhesive matrix. Laser pulse parameters that do not lead to this rapid increase, will not initiate adhesive degradation.The inclusion of carbon black into the adhesive promotes heat absorption and increased temperatures in the adhesive joint. These temperatures are large enough to enable adhesive decomposition. But the time span over which this happens is too small for significant damage to occur. It is currently hypothesized that high temperatures local to the carbon black particles may be the source of adhesive degradation.     

Effect of cooling rate and laser process parameters on additive manufactured Fe–Ti–C metal matrix composites microstructure and carbide morphology

In this paper, laser additive manufacturing (LAM) of Fe–TiC composite coating on AISI 1030 carbon steel is investigated using a numerical and experimental method. In order to have a desired result using LAM, it is crucial to understand the effects of the process parameters’ values on the TiC morphology and microstructure. For this purpose, the LAM process is numerically simulated in order to calculate cooling rate and peak temperature. Experimental data and numerical results are in good agreement in terms of the phase development. Results show that cooling rate plays a crucial role in phase transformation in the clad, however, final microstructure strongly depends on the cooling rate and powder's chemical composition. Two main carbide morphologies (i.e. dendritic and particulate) are studied and relevant cooling rates are detected. Based on this paper and developed map, it is possible to control the cooling rate in order to achieve specific carbide morphologies in the clad. In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) are used to characterize clads’ microstructure.     

基于风廓线雷达对成都地区典型持续性重污染天气的研究

基于风廓线雷达数据、大气污染数据及气象数据对2017年12月17日—2018年1月3日成都地区的一次持续性重污染天气过程进行研究,并对两次污染物浓度爆发式增长阶段的污染原因及污染物来源进行了分析.结果表明:①在这次重污染天气过程中,风廓线雷达高精度的风场资料(包括水平风速、风向、垂直风速、大气折射率结构常数C■)配合其他气象要素在分析两个污染阶段污染物的累积及扩散、输送中可以发挥重要的作用,即当成都地区水平风场风速较小且风向多变时,此时受静稳型天气控制,污染物浓度会快速累积增长,而当出现较强的东北风时,可能会有沙尘污染物的输入,应注意沙尘天气的提前预警.垂直风场中垂直速度和大气折射率结构常数C■的变化往往影响着污染物浓度的变化,由于风廓线雷达具有较高的时间分辨率,因此,对污染天气过程的变化有一定的指示意义.②结合局地环流指数和边界层通风量,重新定义了一种适合成都地区风场特征的通风指数:有效通风量(EVI),从而表明第一阶段污染的主要原因是成都地区由静稳型天气控制,边界层内风场对污染物的稀释扩散能力差,导致污染物累积.③通过后向轨迹模拟并结合PM_(2.5)浓度数据进行聚类分析,认为第二阶段污染主要是东北方向携带有大量沙尘污染物的气团输送到成都地区导致的,与源于西北地区沙尘天气的沙尘输送密切相关.     

2016年冬季北京地区一次重污染天气过程边界层特征

利用中国气象局地面常规观测资料、微脉冲激光雷达（MINI-MPL）、风廓线雷达资料、生态环境部大气成分等资料,对2016年12月16~21日京津冀多地污染过程的生消特征、与气象条件的关系以及边界层的结构特点进行了分析.结果表明：大气处于静稳状态,低层大气盛行偏南气流,大气湿度持续增加,加之北京三面环山不利于污染物扩散的特殊地形是造成北京此次严重空气污染的重要因素.重污染期间,污染物主要聚集在800m高度以下,严重污染时,污染物高度甚至仅有400m左右.风廓线雷达反演风场显示：2次PM_2.5浓度快速上升阶段低层伴随持续偏南风或偏东风.污染过程期间,逆温结构明显,两次污染快速发展阶段恰好出现在两次逆温最强时段.此次污染天气过程,激光雷达退偏振比总体小于0.25,反映污染主要是人类活动产生气溶胶,前期以一次排放颗粒物为主,后期以二次转化颗粒物为主.退偏振比污染过程前期呈明显日变化特征,且白天退偏比比夜间高.     

2018年3月两会期间北京重污染过程边界层气象的演变分析

为研究北京冬季重污染过程的污染特征及成因,采用边界层风场、温/湿场和气溶胶垂直探测等雷达综合遥测手段,对2018年3月北京两会期间的一次典型重污染过程,从边界层气象要素演变进行综合研究.结果表明:①整个污染过程历时7 d,轻度以上污染时数达118 h（占污染过程总小时数的69.8%）,严重污染时数达16 h（占污染过程总小时数的9.5%）,ρ（PM_2.5）最高达333.5 μg/m3.②从气溶胶的垂直空间演变来看,重污染天气的形成,除受本地源排放积累的影响外,还存在北京南部和东部的外部污染传输.贴地或上部逆温的稳定温度层结基本上对应ρ（PM_2.5）的累积过程,其中,重污染时段逆温维持达68 h,逆温层厚度为500~1 100 m,最大平均逆温强度为0.6℃/（100 m）.大气边界层高度偏低（积累过程白天在1 000 m以下,夜间只有300~500 m）,导致污染物持续积累.整个污染过程中,高湿时段引起PM_2.5吸湿增长和转化加重了污染程度;近地层持续小风导致污染积累;西南、东或东南方向大风层（10 m/s左右）向低空下探,有利于污染的缓解;强西北风或北风作用,使污染得以清除.研究显示,污染过程与边界层气象要素的演变密切相关.      

Evaluation of Gauge‐Radar Merging Methods Using a Semi‐Distributed Hydrological Model in the Upper Thames River Basin,Canada

Gauge‐radar merging methods combine rainfall estimates from rain gauges and radar to capitalize on the strengths of the individual instruments. The performance of four well‐known gauge‐radar merging methods, including mean field bias correction, Brandes spatial adjustment, local bias correction using kriging, and conditional merging, are examined using Environment Canada radar and the Upper Thames River Basin in southwestern Ontario, Canada, as a case study. The analysis assesses the effect of gauge‐radar merging methods on: (1) the accuracy of predicted rainfall accumulations; and (2) the accuracy of predicted streamflows using a semi‐distributed hydrological model. In addition, several influencing factors (i.e., gauge density, storm type, basin type, proximity to the radar tower, and time‐step of adjustment) are analyzed to determine their effect on the performance of the rainfall estimation techniques. Confirming results of previous studies, the merging methods provide an increase in the accuracy of both rainfall accumulation estimations and predicted streamflows. The results also indicate specific factors such as gauge density, rainfall intensity, and time‐step of adjustment can reduce the accuracy of merging methods and play a key role in the examination of its use for operational purposes. Results provide guidance for hydrologists and engineers assessing how best to apply corrected radar products to improve rainfall estimation and hydrological modeling accuracy.     

雷达吸波复合材料外观失效机理分析及控制方法研究

目的 解决多层泡沫夹芯结构的雷达吸波复合材料在环境效应下产生外观失效的问题。方法 制备3种类型的雷达吸波复合材料,开展典型自然环境试验。观察试验样品外观状态,并检测变形量。通过观察泡沫的微观组织形貌,检测热膨胀量变化及泡沫与树脂间的粘黏强度,用气相色谱质谱联用仪GCMS检测复合材料裂解气体成分,分析复合材料外观失效成因,并提出解决技术途径。结果 6个月自然环境试验后,1#、2#样品外观失效,而3#样品无明显变化。复合材料100 ℃裂解气体成分为氮气、二氯一氟乙烷、甲基膦酸二甲脂。4种泡沫在22~85 ℃的最大热膨胀量分别为–0.18%、–0.37%、–0.30%、–0.45%。环氧树脂与4种泡沫的粘黏强度在41~52 N,而聚氨酯树脂达到了54~81 N。结论 雷达吸波复合材料泡孔内残留气体的释放,是导致外观失效的根本原因。通过热处理工艺,减少样品残留气体量,并提升胶黏剂与泡沫的粘黏复合强度,是提升复合材料环境适应性的有效技术途径。     

多普勒气象雷达电磁辐射影响水平分析

通过对多普勒气象雷达的电磁辐射原理和特点进行分析,并对实际建成运行的雷达进行详细的地面、高程断面测试,依据实际测试的数据结果,分析论证新型多普勒气象雷达的电磁辐射影响大小、范围及影响水平。     

基于星载雷达的洪水灾害淹没范围获取方法探讨

探讨了以星载雷达监测所获得的数据为数据源,提取洪水灾害淹没范围的基本原理和方法,并以１９９５年５月洞庭湖遭受洪水时所获得的ＪＥＲＳ－１ＳＡＲ数据为例,说明了该方法的应用及其有效性。     

多普勒雷达回波在一次大暴雨中的应用分析

利用多部新一代天气雷达资料结合常规探空资料和逐小时的自动站资料,对2007年7月18日发生在河北省东部平原(以下简称冀东平原)的一次区域性暴雨过程进行分析。结果发现:低层中α尺度切变线的南压、东移及"人"字形辐合线是本次降水过程的主要影响系统;降水发生前西南暖湿气流和冀东平原近地层偏东风是"人"字形辐合线形成的直接原因;在不稳定层结存续条件下,急流方向上上游雷达站中尺度低空急流的脉动对下游台站的短时暴雨预报具有一定时效的指示意义。